CHAPTER 15 :outsourcing in the 21st century

Insourcing : A common approach using the professional expertise within an organization to develop and maintain the organization’s information technology systems. 

Outsourcing :  Is an arrangement by which one organization provides a service or services for another organization that chooses not to perform them in-house. 

Onshore Outsourcing :-  engaging another company within the same country for sevices.

Nearshore Outsourcing :- contracting an outsourcing arrangement with a company in a nearby country. Often this country will share a border with the native country.

Offshoring Outsourcing :-  using organizations from developing countries to write code and develop systems. In offshore outsourcing the country is geographically far away.

 Factors driving outsourcing growth include

Core competencies

• Many companies have recently begun to consider outsourcing as a means to fuel revenue growth rather than just a cost-cutting measure. 

Financial savings

• It is typically cheaper to hire workers in China and India than similar workers in the United States. 

Rapid growth

• an organization is able to acquire best-practices process expertise. This facilitates the design, building, training, and deployment of business processes or functions.

Industry changes

• High levels of reorganization across industries have increased demand for outsourcing to better focus on core competencies. 

The Internet

• The pervasive nature of the Internet as an effective sales channel has allowed clients to become more comfortable with outsourcing. 

Globalization

• As markets open worldwide, competition heats up. Companies may engage outsourcing service providers to deliver international services

Most organizations outsource their noncore business function, such as payroll and IT :- 

Outsourcing benefits include:

• Increased quality and efficiency 
• Reduced operating expenses
• Outsourcing non-core processes
• Reduced exposure to risk
• Economies of scale, expertise, and best practices
• Access to advanced technologies
• Increased flexibility 
• Avoid costly outlay of capital funds
• Reduced headcount and associated overhead expense
• Reduced time to market for products or services

Outsourcing challenges include:

Contract length 

• Most outsourcing contracts span several years and cause the issues discussed above

1. Difficulties in getting out of a contract
2. Problems in reforming an internal IT department after the contract is finished
3. Problems in reforming an internal IT department after the contract is finished

Problems in foreseeing future needs:

                                                                      1. Competitive edge

• Effective and innovative use of IT can be lost when using an outsourcing service provider

   2. Confidentiality

• Confidential information might be breached by an outsourcing service provider, especially one that provides services to competitors  

     3. Scope definition

• Scope creep is a common problem with outsourcing agreements

CHAPTER 14 :Creating Collaborative Partnerships

COLLABORATION

Ø  Teams, Partnerships, and Alliances

Ø  Organizations create and use teams, partnerships, and alliances to:

·         Undertake new initiatives

·         Address both minor and major problems

·         Capitalize on significant opportunities

·         Organizations create teams, partnerships, and alliances both internally with employees and externally with other organizations

Collaboration System

Ø  Collaboration system – supports the work of teams by facilitating the sharing and flow of information

Ø  Organizations form alliances and partnerships with other organizations based on their core competency

·         Core competency – an organization’s key strength, a business function that it does better than any of its competitors

·         Core competency strategy – organization chooses to focus specifically on its core competency and forms partnerships with other organizations to handle nonstrategic business processes

Ø  Information technology can make a business partnership easier to establish and manage

·         Information partnership – occurs when two or more organizations cooperate by integrating their IT systems, thereby providing customers with the best of what each can offer

·         The Internet has dramatically increased the ease and availability for IT-enabled organizational alliances and partnerships

Ø  Collaboration Systems

Ø  Collaboration solves specific business tasks such as telecommuting, online meetings, deploying applications, and remote project and sales management

Ø  Collaboration system – an

·         IT-based set of tools that supports

·         the work of teams by facilitating

·         the sharing and flow of information

Ø  Two categories of collaboration

·         Unstructured collaboration (information collaboration) - includes document exchange, shared whiteboards, discussion forums, and e-mail

·         Structured collaboration (process collaboration) - involves shared participation in business processes such as workflow in which knowledge is hardcoded as rules

·         Collaboration Systems

Ø  Collaborative business functions

Ø  Collaboration systems include:

·         Knowledge management systems

·         Content management systems

·         Workflow management systems

·         Groupware systems

·         Knowledge Management Systems

Ø  Knowledge management (KM) – involves capturing, classifying, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing information assets in a way that provides context for effective decisions and actions

Ø  Knowledge management system – supports the capturing and use of an organization’s “know-how”

Ø  Explicit and Tacit Knowledge

Ø  Intellectual and knowledge-based assets fall into two categories

·         Explicit knowledge – consists of anything that can be documented, archived, and codified, often with the help of IT

·         Tacit knowledge - knowledge contained in people’s heads

Ø  The following are two best practices for transferring or recreating tacit knowledge

·         Shadowing – less experienced staff observe more experienced staff to learn how their more experienced counterparts approach their work

·         Joint problem solving – a novice and expert work together on a project

Ø  Reasons why organizations launch knowledge management programs

Ø  KM Technologies

Ø  Knowledge management systems include:

·         Knowledge repositories (databases)

·         Expertise tools

·         E-learning applications

·         Discussion and chat technologies

·         Search and data mining tools

Ø  KM and Social Networking

Ø  Finding out how information flows through an organization

Social Networking 

·         Social networking analysis (SNA) – a process of mapping a group’s contacts (whether personal or professional) to identify who knows whom and who works with whom

·         SNA provides a clear picture of how employees and divisions work together and can help identify key experts

·         Social Networking

Ø  Content Management

Ø  Content management system (CMS) – provides tools to manage the creation, storage, editing, and publication of information in a collaborative environment

Ø  CMS marketplace includes:

·         Document management system (DMS)

·         Digital asset management system (DAM)

·         Web content management system (WCM)

Document management system (DMS)

Ø  Supports the electronic capturing, storage, distribution, archival,  and accessing of documents

Digital asset management system (DAM)

Ø  Similar to DMS, generally works with binary rather than text files, such as multimedia files types.

Web content management system (WCM)

Ø  Adds an additional layer to document and digital asset management that enables publishing content both to intranets and to public Web sites

Ø  Content management system vendor overview

WORKING WIKIS

Ø  Wikis - Web-based tools that make it easy for users to add, remove, and change online content

Ø  Business wikis - collaborative Web pages that allow users to edit documents, share ideas, or monitor the status of a project

Ø  Business wikis

ØWorkflow Management Systems

Ø  Work activities can be performed in series or in parallel that involves people and automated computer systems

Ø  Workflow – defines all the steps or business rules, from beginning to end, required for a business process

Ø  Workflow management system – facilitates the automation and management of business processes and controls the movement of work through the business process

Ø  Messaging-based workflow system – sends work assignments through an e-mail system

Ø  Database-based workflow system – stores documents in a central location and automatically asks the team members to access the document when it is their turn to edit the document

Ø  Groupware Systems

Ø  Groupware technologies

Ø  Groupware – software that supports team interaction and dynamics including calendaring, scheduling, and videoconferencing

VIDEOCONFERENCING

Ø  Videoconference - a set of interactive telecommunication technologies that allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously.

WEB CONFERENCING

Ø  Web conferencing - blends audio, video, and document-sharing technologies to create virtual meeting rooms where people “gather” at a password-protected Web site.

INSTANT MESSAGING

Ø E-mail is the dominant form of collaboration application, but real-time collaboration tools like instant messaging are creating a new communication dynamic

Ø  Instant messaging - type of communications service that enables someone to create a kind of private chat room with another individual to communicate in real-time over the Internet

Ø  Instant messaging application

Chapter 13 - E-Business

The internet is a powerful channel that presents new opportunities for organization to:

•  Touch customers
•  Enrich products and services with information
• Reduce costs
•  How do ecommerce and e business differ?

 Ecommerce – the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet

• E business – the conducting of business on the internet including, not only buying and selling, but also serving customers and collaborating with business partners

Industries Using E business 

E BUSINESS MODELS

E business model – An approach to conducting electronic business on the Internet 

Business-to-Business (B2B)

•  Electronic marketplace (E market place)– interactive business communities providing a central market where multiple buyers and sellers can engage in e-business activities. 

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

Common B2C e business models include:

E shop – A version of retail store where customers can shop at any hour of the day without leaving their home or office

E mall – consists of a number of e shops; it serves as a gateway through which a visitor can access other e shops

Consumer-to-Business (C2B)

•  Priceline.com is an example of a C2B e business model
• The demand for C2B e business will increase over the next few years due to customer’s desire for greater convenience and lower prices

Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)

• Electronic auction (E auction) – Sellers and buyers solicit consecutive bids from each other and prices are determined dynamically
•  Forward auction – Sellers use as a selling channel to many buyers and the highest bid wins
•  Reverse auction – Buyers use to purchase a product or service, selecting the seller with the lowest bid

 C2C communities include:

Communities of interest – People interact with each other on specific topics, such as golfing and stamps collecting

  Communities of relations – People come together to share certain life experiences, such as cancer patients, senior citizens, and car enthusiasts

Communities of fantasy – People participate in imaginary environments, such as fantasy football teams and playing one-to-one with Michael Jordan

EBUSINESS BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

E business benefits:

• Highly accessible
•  Increased customer loyalty
• Improved information content
• Increased convenience
• Increased global reach
• Decreased cost

E business challenges:

• Protecting consumers
• Leveraging existing systems
• Increased liability
• Providing security
• Adhering to taxation rules

5 Numerous advantages and limitations in e business revenue models:

1. Transaction fees
2. License fees
3. Subscription fees
4. Value-added fees
5. Advertising fees

MASHUPS

• A Web site or Web application that uses content from more than one source to create a completely new services

1. Application programming interface (API) – A set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications
2. Mash up editor – WSYIWYGs (What You See Is What You Get) for mash ups